Waste Minimization is a stream by stream analysis of the process to reduce or eliminate non-useful streams and by-products. The approach may be used on existing, or perhaps to better effect, in the planning and design of new facilities. Over recent years, the emphasis has changed from "end-of-pipe" treatment to source reduction or waste product re-use. The Waste Minimization VIP is often conducted in conjunction with Design to Capacity and Energy Optimization.